PLASMA - FOURTH STATE OF MATTER

Plasma is a state of matter along with solids, liquids and gases. When a neutral gas is heated such that some of the electrons are freed from the atoms or molecules, it changes state and becomes a plasma. It consists of a partially-ionized gas, containing ions, electrons, and neutral atoms

CONTENTS

Plasma Physics | What is Plasma ? | Properties of Plasma | Common Plasma Phenomenon in Nature | Recent Updates in Plasma Physics | Future of Plasma Physics | Plasma Physics - Research Options in India 



 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER

A semiconductor laser (also called a laser diode) is a type of laser in which the active medium is a semiconductor material, similar to that used in LEDs. It is one of the most widely used lasers today because of its compact size, efficiency, and low cost.

CONTENTS
Operational Principles of semiconductor laser | Structure | Mode Volume | Threshold current density | Power output & efficiency

CARNOT ENGINE AND CYCLE

The Carnot engine is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle proposed by Leonard Carnot. It estimates the maximum possible efficiency that a heat engine during the conversion process of heat into work and, conversely, working between two reservoirs can possess.


CONTENTS

What is a Carnot engine? | Isothermal process and work done | Adiabatic process and work done Carnot cycle | Absolute temperature | Temperature scales



 COHESION AND ADHESION

The force of attraction between molecules of same type are called cohesive force & the phenomenon is called cohesion. The force of attraction between molecules of different type are called adhesive force & the phenomenon is called adhesion.

CONTENTS
Cohesion | Adhesion | Applications

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